1700s

The following are excerpts from the Digest of the Acts and Deliberations of the Cabildo

1708 An attempt to grow wheat at the tip of Bayou St. John proves unsuccessful due to the area’s heat and humidity.

1718 The first Christmas in New Orleans is celebrated with deer, quail, snipe, and wild duck, along with wild turkey, which is in great abundance. Native Americans provide grain and vegetables, and the ship Neptune, recently arrived in port, provides The original produce and meat marketing occurred near the port and along the river

Jesuits arrived in the city, and for their use Bienville set aside a large tract of land bounded by what now Common, Tchoupitoulas, Annunciation, and Terpsichore streets; and in 1728 and 1745, by donation and by purchase, this splendid plantation was extended to Felicity Street. The Jesuits brought this region under cultivation; introduced the culture of the myrtle, the wax of which was then a staple article of commerce; the orange, the fig, and probably also sugar-cane and indigo. A house and a chapel were built for the use of the priests, and slaves were assigned for service in their fields. The space between Common Street and the upper boundary of the "Vieux Carré" was reserved by the Government as a "terre commune," — for a public road and for fortifications, should these be necessary. Kendall

kendall We get some idea of the new Governor's activities from an old map preserved in the archives of the Department of Marine, in Paris, which shows the improvements that had been made in the city by 1728. Most of the public buildings, including the parish church, were by the latter date constructed of brick. On the right of the church stood a small guard house and the prison. On the square above the Place d'Armes was the Government house, surrounded by extensive grounds neatly cultivated. The Government employees were quartered in a series of small buildings in the square on the lower side of the Place d'Armes, overlooking Chartres Street. At the corner of Toulouse Street and the river front were the marine repair shops and forges, while on Dumaine Street from the river nearly to Chartres stretched the long, narrow buildings known as the King's warehouses. A hospital had been erected at the corner of Chartres and Arsenal (now Ursulines). In the empty square next below the convent of the Ursulines was completed in 1728. The barracks and the company's workshops were situated in the square bounded by Royal, St. Louis, Bourbon, and Conti.

kendallSuch, then, was the government of New Orleans under the Spanish domination. O'Reilly completed his work by assigning to the city its first definite revenue. He laid a tax of $40 annually on each tavern or café; of $20 on each hotel or inn; of $1 on every barrel of brandy imported into the city.8 A tax of $6 on every boat of twenty tons burden or over entering or leaving the port was to be devoted to the maintenance of the levees. The municipality was also invested with the ownership of the land immediately abutting on the Place d'Armes, between Chartres Street and the river, which was thereupon transferred to Don Andrés Almonester y Rojas, a local magnate, in consideration of a ground rent which helped considerably to augment the slender income at the disposal of the Cabildo. The butcher voluntarily agreed to contribute $370 per annum, not, as they said, with a view subsequently to increase the price of the article in which they traded, "which ought to be done only under pressure of extreme necessity," but in recognition of the duty of every trade to pay its share of the municipal expenses. It is estimated that the income of the municipality from all sources was thus brought up to $2,000.9

kendall O'Reilly showed himself imbued to the fullest degree with the oppressive ideas of the Spanish Government on the subject of colonial commerce. His harsh actions with regard to the British tradesmen has already been mentioned. "They had in this town," he says in one of his dispatches, "their merchants and traders, with open stores and shops, and I can safely assert that nine-tenths of the money spent here went into p30their pockets." He forbade his constituents from buying from the vessels, which, flying the English standard, passed tantalizingly up and down in front of New Orleans on their way to and from Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez. They might sell them provisions, but only if the compensation were in coin, not in kind. A violation of this statute was punishable with a fine of $100. This restriction operated hardly on a community so dependent upon the British as New Orleans had become, and the Spanish officials soon saw the necessity of doing something to offset it. O'Reilly early in 1770 recommended that there be an absolutely free trade between New Orleans and Havana. The colony needed "flour, wine, oil, iron instruments, arms, ammunition and every sort of manufactured article for clothing and other domestic purposes." It had to export "timber, indigo, cotton, furs and a small quantity of corn and rice." He recommended that the vessels owned in the colony be put on an equality with Spanish vessels. In the latter part of that year a further concession was made, when as many as two vessels per annum were allowed to enter the port from France.

An illicit trade with the British traders sprang up along the river both above and below the city. In return the British offered goods and slaves. Against the river bank in front of what is now the suburban town of Gretna these enterprising adventurers kept two immense flatboats fitted with shelves and counters and stocked with many kinds of merchandise. They were part of a fleet of similar craft which traveled up and down the river, trafficking from one plantation to the other. The value of this contraband business is estimated at $650,000 per annum. Onzaga, realizing that the economic life of the colony depended upon this illegal trade, winked at it. The merchants in New Orleans complained bitterly at being excluded from so lucrative a field. It was finally hinted that the Governor's acquiescence was not wholly disinterested. Then Onzaga interposed, but only far enough to clear himself of the imputation. Thanks to this wise lenity, the commerce of Louisiana not only throve but a desirable element was gradually added to the population, as one after another of the British adventurers bought lands and settled in the country.12

1723 gayarre writing of the year 1723 "In that year, however, another settlement, which was to grow rapidly in importance, was made on that portion of the banks of the river which now forms the parishes of St. Charles and St. John the Baptist. Large tracts of land were conceded to those Germans, whom Law had sent from Alsatia, to settle on the •twelve square miles of territory which had been granted to him on Arkansas River, by the India Company. When these German families were informed of the fate of Law, and saw themselves abandoned to their own resources in that distant part of the colony, they broke up their establishment, and descended the Mississippi in a body, with the intention of returning to their native country. But, fortunately, they were prevailed upon to settle at a distance of •about thirty miles from New Orleans, on a section of the banks of the river, which, from that circumstance, drew the appellation of the German Coast, under which it was long known. Every Saturday, they p355were seen floating down the river in small boats, to carry to the market of New Orleans the provisions which were the result of their industry. From this humble but decent origin, issued some of our most respectable citizens, and of our most wealthy sugar planters. They have, long ago, forgotten the German language, and adopted the French, but the names of some of them clearly indicate the blood that flows in their veins, although more than one name has been so Frenchified, as to appear of Gallic parentage. The German Coast, so poor and beggarly at first, became in time the producer and the receptacle of such wealth, that, a century after, it was called the Gold Coast, or Côte d'or.

In the very year when these industrious people came to reside at the German Coast, and before they could show what rich harvests could spring from the prolific soil of Louisiana, the colony suffered extremely from the want of provisions, and, in a dispatch of the 24th of January, the Superior Council informed the French government "that the colonists would absolutely starve, if the India Company did not send by every vessel an ample supply of salt meat." From 1699 to 1723, such representations, however incredible they may appear, had been made every year, and had forced the French government into heavy expenses, so that it is calculated in a memoir of that epoch, that the few individuals scattered over Louisiana had, at an average, cost annually to France, in provisions alone, about one hundred and fifty thousand livres. There must certainly have been much abuse and malversation at the bottom of this state of things, and it is evident that there was in the organization of the colony a defect, which, if it starved some, fattened others. Be it as it may, the existence of the colony was nothing but a prolonged p356agony. The principle of life seemed to be wanting in her.

Between 1730 and 1740, at the same time that the development of the informal levee market informal African market beyond the rampart in what is now Congo Square

Reggio, Sr. - On recommendation of the Attorney General the Commissioners agreed that provisions which arrive by the river shall not be purchased in large quantities by the retailers, but only in small quantities for individual family use

4/20/1770 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General recommends that it should be made compulsory for the bakers to obtain flour from the inhabitants. The Commissioners agreed, also fixed a price on cake.

9/14/1770 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. – At this meeting a contract is presented by four butchers of the city. The Commissioners approved, and agreed to ask the Governor to make known by proclamation, the conditions of this contract.

10/5/1770 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting the minutes of the session of December 9th, 1769 (above) were read. It was stated that the City was suffering from a shortage of food supplies due to retailers going up and down the river and buying all the provisions they can find. The Commissioners decreed that all the boats anchor in front of the Plaza, and permit the sale of their goods at retail for a period of four hours, before they can sell in wholesale quantities. They also prohibited all persons from going up or down the river to buy provisions, under penalty of confiscation.

8/2/1771 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. – Don Alejandro Latil presented a memorandum stating that the contract for the public meat market, established by O’Reilly in favor of the City Treasury, is about to expire. He submits his bid for the contract to furnish meat. The Commissioners agreed to post and advertise this bid in the accustomed places in the city, informing the public that anyone having better conditions to offer, should present them to the Secretary who will grant the contract to the one making the best offer. They also agreed that the contract would not start until January 1, 1772.

1/11/1771 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting two Commissioners were appointed to look after the supply and distribution of provisions.

1/18/1771 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting it was agreed to raise the price of bear fat (lard) due to the scarcity of powder and ammunition.

9/6/1772 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Secretary reports that the bulletins concerning the renting of the butcher shops had been complied with, and the latest bid was five hundred Pesos, made by Alejandro Latil. The Commissioners resolved that the last announcement be made on Sunday the 8th, and the auction be closed on the following Friday.

5/15/1772 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Governor and President informs the Cabildo that the franchise has not been observed in regard to meat supplied to the troops. The Commissioners agreed to see that the Lessee complies with his obligations in regard to this matter 1

3/5/1773 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - It was found necessary at this time to appoint a gauger to approve the weights and measures of liquors and foodstuffs; the persons named to be required to meet the launches that carry the alcohol to measure the amount brought in. Don Juan Escaret, Master Cooper, was appointed.

9/18/1772 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners, considering the scarcity of flour and a possible increase in the price of bread due to the arrival of a battalion, resolve to petition the Governor to issue the necessary orders to prevent the citizens from being deprived of this necessary food. - (On page 108 the Commissioners resolved to buy all the available flour for account of the Cabildo and resell to the bakers at the price paid, in order to avoid abuses committed by the retailers in selling at a higher price to the detriment of the public who buy the bread. Two Commissioners were appointed to enforce this resolution).

12/4/1772 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General recommends the purchase of a set of scales and measures to be kept in the Archives in order to verify those used by the public. The Commissioners agreed.

6/7/1774 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Commissioners called to the attention of the President the necessity of obtaining flour, imploring that some provision be made to obtain it from the English ships which navigate the river, or to consult His Majesty in regard to the matter. The President asked that a testimony of this meeting be issued and presented to him that he might decide what is best. - (On page 209 the Attorney General calls attention to several English ships carrying flour.)

9/22/1775 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - Don Guy Dufossat calls attention to the fact that the contract for supplying meat to the citizens, auctioned for the period of four years to Don Juan Antonio Latil, will expire on the last day of December. The Commissioners agreed to post notices calling for bids. At the next meeting (page 223), it was agreed to auction the contract on October 10th.

3/3/1775 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General calls attention to scarcity of flour and the consequent shortage of bread. Also to the fact that there are several English boats in the river carrying this commodity. The Commissioners resolved to ask, with the approval of the Governor, for this flour to be distributed among the bakers.

10/27/1775 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners agreed at this time to lease the taverns, Cabarets, boarding houses and food supply houses to Pedro Morris and Raymond Escote, provided they furnish bond in the amount of six thousand Pesos, and a list of the bartenders they will use to manage the cabarets. They were required to contribute 140 Pesos annually to the Charity Hospital.

11/17/1775 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Attorney General called attention to the great export of provisions from the Province. Stating he feared a shortage which might endanger the population. He asked that drastic measures be adopted to prevent a shortage. The Governor agreed to prohibit exportation until the public was cared for. - (On page 238 the Governor is requested again to issue orders concerning the exportation of provisions.)

7/5/1776 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners resolve to implore the Governor to order a public edict to the effect that all persons who sell in the city must appear before the Commissioners and bring their weights and measures for comparison with the official ones kept in the Cabildo. Same to be marked and penalty provided for substitution.

11/15/1776 Governor: Unzaga; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - Mr. Poeyfarre asks payment for some bronze weights of fifty pounds. Don Jean Hierrera asks payment for making barrel measures. Commissioners authorize payment for both bills. They also agreed to pay (page 248) Senor Vobert, a Tinsmith, for making several measure.

4/11/1777 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The abuses committed by permitting one person to handle the supply of meat was discussed at this meeting, and the Commissioners agreed to call Don Juan Le Blanc, contractor. He was called for the purpose of obtaining the amount required in order to ask for bids.

5/9/1777 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting the bids were opened and it was agreed that the auction should take place on the 21st, of this month.

6/20/1777 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting the Commissioners resolved that all flour brought into the Colony be inspected by two deputy Commissioners, a Doctor and the Attorney General, and if found bad, thrown into the river.

3/12/1779 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General calls attention to the scarcity of foods in the city due to the arrival of many new families, and suggests that large quantities be bought by the City to prevent the inhabitants from selling their crops to foreigners. (See “Warehouse,” also page 317 providing for the construction of a warehouse in which “to transact the sale of provisions.”)

3/12/1779 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General, recognizing the scarcity of food due to the arrival of new families, recommends that great quantities of provisions be gathered into the city, paying the inhabitants a reasonable price for their crops to prevent their selling to foreigners. This was approved by the Commissioners who authorized voucher in the amount of five hundred Pesos for the first purchase of provisions to be stored in a warehouse for distribution in urgent necessity.

3/26/1779 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General suggests the necessity of digging a ditch at the foot of the levee embankment for the purpose of holding the waters that filter through; also the necessity for draining the ditches around the Plaza.

5/21/1779 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - In view of the great abuses committed in the sale of provisions which are exposed to the elements (not being covered), it was determined to build a wooden warehouse sixty feet long by twenty-two feet wide in which to transact the sale of provisions. (See “Markets.”)

10/1/1779 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The scarcity of provisions due to a state of war was discussed by the Commissioners. (See “Rice.”)

12/17/1779 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - A number of citizens met with the Cabildo at this time to discuss the shortage of cattle due to the great mortality among them. The President advised that the three contractors were unable to obtain meat to supply the public. It was agreed to obtain cattle from the inhabitants of the coasts in the proportion of 10 percent of the number they own from each. The citizens and the Commissioners signed this agreement.

6/2/1780 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners proposed the appointment of a superintendent to inspect the buildings to be constructed by Captain Don Francisco Sismar de Bellislle for a warehouse in which provisions will be sold to the inhabitants of this city. The Royal Ensign (Reggio) was appointed Superintendent.

1/19/1781 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - Because of the great multitude of troops and crews from the ships, (due to the state of war between Spain and England), and the great number of free Negroes and slaves in the city, the Attorney General recommends that all kinds of masking and public dancing by the Negroes be prohibited during the Carnival Season.

4/27/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General again calls attention to persons who go aboard ships before they land to buy their cargoes, which they in turn sell to the inhabitants at exorbitant prices.

6/15/1781 Governor Galvez: Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time a letter is presented to the Cabildo by Don Martin Navarro, Intendant of the Province, addressed to him by Don Joseph de Galvez, expressing the sympathy of the King in the disaster caused by the hurricane of August 14, 1780, and offering all possible assistance.

7/27/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting mention is made of a market and warehouse which is being constructed. (See “Warehouse.) - At this same time it is decided to procure a new contractor for furnishing meat, as the old contract is about to expire; and there is complaint of the shortage of meat and the carelessness of the old contractor.

7/27/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General informs the Cabildo that the finances of the city are in bad condition and something must be done to reduce expenses. The Commissioners, considering that the building under construction to serve as a market and warehouse will require much money to complete, decide to abolish the salaries of the printer, Boudousquie, and the Appraiser and Inspector of Factories, Escol.

8/17/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General calls attention to the urgent need of food and clothing for the Colony, and recommends that the French vessels, having permission to navigate the river for the exportation of lumber, should bring to this nation food and other necessary merchandise. (On page 91 is a letter from Galvez regarding the admission of French vessels to the port.)

8/17/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royan Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Attorney General suggested to the Commissioners the possibility of the admission of French ships to this port (due to the capture of Pensacola) to supply the necessary provisions. (See “Commerce.”)

8/17/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - Don Joseph Collette, resident of this city and rancher of the town of New Iberia, asked permission to bring some cattle to this city, without interference from the Commandants of the Posts of Atakapas and Opelousas.

8/17/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - A memorandum is presented by Don Francisco Sismar de Belisle asking for payment of one thousand Pesos from the City Treasury on account of amount due him when the warehouse is completed and delivered.

10/12/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Attorney General gave notice of the little solidness of the roads and levees above and below the city on both sides of the river, and the frequent damage to crops caused by breaks formed in the lands which cave in. The Commissioners appointed two of their number to inspect the locations and take steps for the repair of the levees and roads in the shortest possible time.

11/9/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - In a letter to Galvez defending their action in dispensing with the services of the printer and others, mention is made of “certain works to complete the construction of the market.” (See “Warehouse.”)

11/9/1781 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - In a letter to Galvez concerning the sortage of funds in the City Treasurer, the Commissioners mention in the dismissal of the printer and others in order to provide funds for the completion of the building “approved by Your Excellency…such as cementing the walls inside and out, the paving with brick along the length and width of the building….” The building referred to as “The market.”

authorities erected the city’s first covered market along the river at Dumaine

4/8/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - Acting Governor Miro sends a letter to the Cabildo requesting that the “Te Deum” be sung and a Mass of Thanksgiving offered, as decreed by the King. At this same meeting a letter is received from Galvez (page 107) in which he states that the King has acceded to his request, and calls attention to the Royal Order (page 110) in which the King grants free trade on many articles of commerce, including the admission of ships from French ports to the provinces of Louisiana, Mobile and Pensacola).

4/12/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting the Commissioners resolved that on Sunday next, the 14th inst., public demonstrations of joy would be announced to the people by an artillery salute by this Plaza. Miro invited all the owners of ships in the harbor to dress their ships and give the salutes which must be repeated three times. A mass to be sung with a “Te Deum” and every house in the city illuminated. Also, that copies of the Royal Edict be made in French and distributed

8/9/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners took under consideration the lease of the butchers’ shops of this city which will expire at the end of September, and agreed to put them up for public auction. They remarked about the advantages that might result to the public by the abundant supply of meats which may be brought from the markets of Atakapas and Opelousas by the new road lately discovered and made practical by the zeal and expense of Joseph Colee. (See Don Joseph Collette above.)

8/9/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this meeting mention is made of a new road through which cattle may be driven from Atakapas and Opelousas to New Orleans. (See “Markets.”)

9/13/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners, having in mind the requirements of the public market in order that it meet the needs for which it was intended from the beginning (to establish therein the public meat markets and stalls for the sale of food stuffs) resolved that the Royal Ensign (Reggio), already in charge of the building, see that the necessary doors are placed. (See “Warehouse.”) - “Three different stalls for the prompt supply of the public” were not placed due to insufficient room and unfitness.

9/13/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners, having in mind that the public market was lacking in some essentials in order to fill the requirements intended from the beginning, decide that the Commissioners and Royal Ensign (Reggio) already in charge of the said building, should see that the necessary doors are placed. They mention that in the past it has been impossible to place the three different stalls for the “reason of not having found a place fit or proportioned…” (See “Markets.”)

11/8/1782 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Commissioners discussed the auction of the market privilege which was to have taken place on October 4th, and resolved that the same be advertised again Sunday after High Mass and Monday in the streets, and auctioned the following Friday.

1/17/1783 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time “the named Joseph Collu (see also Collette and Colee) presented a document in which he states that he made contracts with several neighbors of the district of Atakapas for the supply of food for this city, and who not refuse to comply with their contract, stating that they will sell their meat salted, which would prevent the petitioner from fulfilling his contract with the city. The Commissioners resolved to take the mater up with the Acting Governor (Miro)

7/11/1783 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time Don Guydo Dufossat solicits payment for the portion of land which was taken from him for the construction of the public warehouse, and requests that the yearly taxes he must pay on this land be reduced. The Commissioners agreed that payment for the land taken from him for the public building should not be taken into consideration because he had not paid the annual taxes as per agreement when the land was granted to him. As the house on the land belongs to His Majesty, it was decided to address an official letter to the Governor so that the Governor may decide whether to sell the house or demolish it; in order that Dufossat may have the fourth portion, and its free use which he solicits.

7/11/1783 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - A petition was presented by Don Guydo Dufossat soliciting payment for a portion of land taken from him for the construction of a public warehouse. The Commissioners state that as he has not paid the taxes on the land as per agreement under which it was granted to him (See “Land Grants”), they could not consider any payment for same. In respect to the house which is on the land and belongs to His Majesty, they resolved to address a letter to the Governor asking his decision as to whether it should be sold or demolished in order that Dufossat might have the fee use of the ground which he solicits.

12/5/1783 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Commissioners discussed the death of Juan Calet, Contractor of the Public Meat Markets, and decided to give publication to the rerenting of the markets.

12/19/1783 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time an answer was received from the Intendant General, Martin Navarro, regarding the petition of Don Guydo Dufossat, owner of a lot located at the corner of Almacenes Street on which two buildings, the property of His Majesty, were constructed, and on which he (Dufossat) is paying taxes to the City Treasury. The Intendant suggested that the lot belongs to the buildings and not the buildings to the lot, but refused to commit himself to a definite decision. The Commissioners (page 206) decide to inform his Majesty and ask his decision. (See “Warehouses.”)

12/19/1783 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time an answer to the communication addressed to the Governor as per agreement of July 11th (above) is read, in which it is stated that “… the two mentioned buildings… were cited in the general inventory, their cost charged, and satisfied by the Royal Treasury when His Majesty took possession of this Province; and for this reason it is believed that the lot belongs to the building and not the buildings to the lot.” The Commissioners observe that this is contrary to the law established by O’Reilly and decide to inform His Majesty that he may decide the matter

5/28/1784 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General calls attention to the damage done by animals (bovine and equine) on the levees and highways. The Commissioners agreed that animals be kept under fence during the harvest time, and that owners be compelled to brand their animals.

8/6/1784 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time a document is presented by the Contractor of the Butcher Shops pertaining to his various losses in fulfilling his contract. The Commissioners, knowing that the paper money had decreased in value, found his complaints just, and permitted a raise in the price of meat. (This document is shown on page 11).

9/10/1784 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time there arose a discussion upon the advisability of establishing a market in this city; considered necessary in order to have all the retailers in one place. In view of the fact that the number of retailers had increased, the Cabildo decided to construct a market large enough to accommodate all the daily food supplies, to be independent of the butcher shop which was established more than two year ago. Such a place for the assembling of peddlers has been desired for some time in order that the goods they sell might be subject to inspection by the Commissioners. Rules governing this market and its use by the retailers are drafted and approved.

12/17/1784 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time a bill is presented by Don Lorenzo Wilts for the construction of a room in the public market, to be used by the Commissioners

kendall Miro showed himself a capable administrator in many ways. The winter of 1784 was very severe. The river was filled with floating ice, a thing which did not happen again for over 120 years. The frost did great harm to the plantations, and the governor was compelled to exert himself strenuously to help his stricken people. He established a home for lepers. He interested himself in promoting immigration, particularly of the Acadians, some of whom had already found a refuge in Louisiana.

1/21/1785 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners discuss the payment of rent for the spaces occupied by the retailers in the public market, as well as the work to be done on the market to better the condition of the retailers. They also discussed the rental of the section destined for the sale of beef.

2/25/1785 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General informs the Cabildo at this time that he has been requested by the citizens and business men of the Colony to call attention to the fact that after they have suffered all kinds of calamities from floods, hurricanes and wars, they are deprived of the privileges and rights granted by His Majesty in a free port of entry for a period of ten years (see "Commerce") due to the depreciation of the paper currency of the Royal Treasury which they have used as money since the end of 1780. The Commissioners resolved to inform His Majesty and request a remedy.

1/27/1786 Governor: Galvez; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Commissioners at this time again take up the matter of the ownership of the land situated at the corner of Dumaine and Conde Streets. They recall that they had taken up the matter with the Governor requesting permission to either demolish or sell the buildings which belong to the King in order that the City Treasury might receive the taxes from the land which should be paid by Don Guido Dufossat. It was agreed to send a copy of the proceedings to the Governor.

2/17/1786 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time Commissioner Reggio, in charge of the administration of the public market, mentioned the difficulties in collecting the rents. He also stated that there is no one to take care of the cleaning, see that the tables of the butchers are not robbed, nor to open the doors at regular hours. It was decided to build a small house on the lot of land next to the market in which a porter from the Cabildo could live who would have charge of all these matters, and especially keep the retailers well pleased. It was agreed to build this house 15 feet front, and 30 feet deep, facing Conde Street. (At a later meeting, page 122, Don Jacobo Cowperhwait requested payment of 1000 Pesos for the erection of a small house adjoining the market; which was approved for payment, page 124.)

12/22/1786 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the President and Governor took up with the Captain General the matter of funds which are in the hands of Don Juan Ventura de Morales originating from the savings from rentals of stalls in the market of this Plaza, in order that His Excellency may apply same to the urgent expenses of the Lepers’ Hospital, to which the said Captain General agreed.

2/23/1787 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign, De Reggio, Sr. - At this time the Commissioners discussed the erection of a new building for the Cabildo, and asked for plans to be presented to His Majesty.

3/30/1787 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Governor presents a Royal Order from His Majesty in which he orders that the Coat of Arms of this city be changed - that in place of the lillies at the upper part of the Arms, the Castle and Lion of Spain be placed.

8/31/1787 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Sr. - The Attorney General calls attention to seizures made against several individuals and traders relative to the importation of flour seemingly from the United States of America. (See “Commerce.”)

n 1788 a great fire desolated New Orleans. Some 856 houses were burned, including the cathedral, which, though built of brick, was completely destroyed. The arsenal, the prison, and many other public edifices were likewise consumed. The disaster was followed by a scarcity of provisions, which it taxed the governor's resources to supply. It produced, however, some happy effects, among them a display of generosity which immortalized the name of Don Andres Almonester y Rojas, the local magnate, who now at his own expense rebuilt the cathedral, and, with extraordinary enterprise, undertook at reasonable prices the reconstruction of the Cabildo and other burned public buildings. Moreover, the conflagration was followed by a reaction in the direction of prosperity. The town suddenly outgrew its ancient boundaries, and as we shall see in more detail in a future chapter, a girdle of suburbs quickly sprang all around the "vieux carré."

1/18/1788 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Jr. - Among other matters presented to the Cabildo by the Governor, at this time, is a Royal Order in which His Majesty decides to keep for His Royal Treasury the lot of ground next to His Royal Warehouses.

2/8/1788 Acting Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Jr. - At this time Pedro Giro (Guiot), Master Carpenter, presented a bill for work done in the public market, which was examined, found correct and ordered paid.

7/6/1788 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Jr. - At this time it was proposed to rebuild the Cabildo Building (which had been destroyed by the fire of March 21, 1788) constructing same with the public market on the first floor.

9/4/1789 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Jr. - The Attorney General informs the Cabildo that the contract for the supply of meat, made by Hilario Bouttet, is about to expire, and that it would be harmful for only one individual to dominate this principal food, and beneficial to the public to permit the cattle raisers to transport, kill and sell their animals, by which method the public would obtain better meats. The Commissioners unanimously agreed that from the first day of January 1790, the supply of meat will be free from taxes on condition that the distribution be in a place which will pay three reales tax per head, and the price of meat will be one half a reale per pound.

9/18/1789 Governro: Miro; Royal Ensign: De Reggio, Jr. - At this time the repairing of the public market which burned in the fire of last year, was discussed, and it was agreed to have a Commissioner visit the site and inspect the necessary work to be done, Don Francisco de la Barre was appointed.

5/7/1790 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - In a resolution submitted to the Governor regarding the lack of funds in the City Treasury, the Commissioners enumerate many unavoidable expenses incurred, among which is mentioned “the new market to provide for the wants of the public, the old one having been burned in said fire.”

5/14/1790 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - A letter is presented by Don Augustin McCarty asking to be paid the sum of 2824 Pesos out of the city funds for work done on the market in accordance with contract and the report of Don Francisco de la Barre appointed to inspect the work. Payment was authorized.

9/24/1790 Governor: Miro; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Commissioners discussed the method of renting the rooms in the new market. It was agreed that the ten large rooms facing the river should be occupied by the dealers of beef, and that the dealers of pork, veal, and lamb should occupy the small rooms facing the levee.

1/13/1792 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - In order to guard against the theft of meats, the Commissioners agreed to place a wooden ceiling over every stall, heavy doors barred with iron at each end, and build two galleries with a room in each; one to be used by the monthly manager and the other by the porter.

3/2/1792 Governor: Carondelet: Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time a petition from Filberto Jorge (Fargo) was read asking that he be permitted to open a dance hall (like the one the Count de Galvez permitted him to establish at His Majesty's Warehouse) and to rent to him for a period of four years the ground formerly occupied by the market on which to build the dance hall, with the understanding that at the end of four years the Cabildo may take over the building - paying its just value after appraisal

3/2/1792 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time Filberto Forge (Farge) asked permission to build a dance hall on the lot formerly occupied by the market. The Commissioners agreed to accept his proposition. (See “Dance Halls.”)

3/2/1792 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time Filberto Forge (Farge) asked permission to erect a building to be used as a dance hall on the ground formerly occupied by the market (or warehouse). (See “Dance Halls.”) - (This is after the fire of 1788 which destroyed the market and a great many other buildings - See “Markets” also “Rice.”)

5/17/1792 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Lieutenant Governor asks the Attorney General to figure out a price at which the bakers may sell the bread at a profit without detriment to the public. (On pages 79 and 80 these prices are shown).

6/22/1792 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Attorney General calls attention to complaints of the public that the retailers are cheating in the weight of bread. Two Commissioners were appointed to make inspection.

8/11/1792 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time a petition is presented by Hurel Dupre requesting permission to build a rice mill; which request was granted.

2/22/1793 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Governor presents a petition from Francisco Fernandez asking for the position of Inspector of Weights and Measures. The Attorney General informs the Cabildo (page 58) that Francisco Fernandez is a discharged employee of this Cabildo, and that it is his opinion that Santiago Nicolas is more worthy of this position. At the next meeting (page 59) Nicolas receives the appointment, and Don Manuel Serrano was requested to draft a set of rules for his use. (On page 61 these rules are given in toto. On page 110 Nicolas provides a stamp to be used on all weights and measures.)

4/12/1793 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Governor informed the Cabildo that the slaughter house on the outskirts of the city could not remain there because the fortifications are being constructed at the same place. The Commissioners agreed to permit the butchers to use a piece of land, belonging to the city, located at the end of the Bayou next to land belonging to Don Gabriel Peyroux, for the erection of their slaughter house.

7/12/1793 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At the time the Commissioners discussed the fact that Don Gabriel Peyroux had taken judicial action, requesting that his land, located on the road of the Bayou, be left alone by the butcher.

6/7/1794 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Commissioners noted that the price of bread was not in accordance with the tariff approved on August 9th, 1793 (page 79), and resolved to notify the bakers.

8/1/1794 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Governor informed the Cabildo that he had ordered the bakers to reduce the price of bread to 36 ounces for one reale; also provided penalties for various violations.

8/13/1794 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The members of the Cabildo were convoked in extraordinary session by the Governor to discuss means for repairing the levee and meat market which were damaged by the river during a hurricane on the night of the 10th instant. They decided to hear an opinion of Don Gilberto Guillemard, Major of the Post, and Don Carlos Laveau Trudeau, Surveyor, which will be discussed at the next session of the Cabildo - At the next meeting (page 150), it was agreed that repairs to the market should be started at once, with Don Francisco de la Barre to supervise the work. The levee to be in charge of the Major, and the work submitted to bids.

10/24/1794 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time an official letter from the Governor and President is read, enclosing a bill for the street lamps and reflectors which were transported here from Philadelphia on the ship “La Victoria,” amounting to 626 Pesos, 5 reales, and 39 Maravedis. The Commissioners agreed to reimburse the Royal Treasury for this amount, obtaining the proper receipt. - Also Don Santiago Freret presents a bill for the cost and transportation from Philadelphia, of twenty-two barrels of grease, which was approved. Don Pedro Durel, Master Cooper, presents bill for work done in the warehouse to store the grease. Don Carlos de la Chaise was appointed to examine this work and have it appraised by the other coopers; he approved the work and the Commissioners agreed to pay the said Pedro Durel (page 173).

12/12/1794 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - After the fire of December 8th, 1794, the price of flour was increased to 13 Pesos per barrel; the bakers were therefore permitted to reduce their loaf to 28 ounces.

12/19/1794 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Attorney General, recounting among other calamities, the “destructive fire we have recently experienced, which reduced to ashes one-third of the best buildings of the city ….five hurricanes, many floods, and two great fires….”recommended to the Commissioners that they petition the King for a loan of 1,000,000 Pesos to be loaned to the owners of the houses burned by the last fire, so that they may rebuild with brick. It was agreed to forward this petition to His Majesty, through the Governor.

1/16/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this meeting the Commissioners, considering the generous offer of Don Andres Almonaster y Rojas to rebuild the Cabildo, propose that he shall be paid in installments out of the city funds when it is possible to do so. They thanked him and agreed to let him proceed with the construction.

Kendall Boré, the mayor, was a well-known planter, a man of wealth, education, and distinguished social position. He was in his fiftieth year. He was a native of Kaskaskia, but had spent a considerable portion of his life in Europe, whither he was sent in his early youth to be educated. After leaving school he entered the King's Musqueteers and, later, after a visit to Louisiana, on business, was transferred to the French cavalry. He left the army with the rank of captain. He married a daughter of Destrehan. He owned a great plantation a few miles above the City of New Orleans. There he had originally cultivated indigo. But when this product lost its market as a result of competition from Guatemala, he turned his attention to the manufacture of sugar. On his estate he set up a sugar mill and there, in 1795, had, with the aid of two Cubans, Mendez and Lopez, succeeded in producing the first granulated sugar ever known in the colony, with the result that agriculture was completely revolutionized. The other members of the new city government were also all men of fine position and great influence.

2/20/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Cabildo grants permission to Don Joseph Xavier de Pontalba, Don Miguel Fortier, Don Estevan Bore, and Don Roberto Montreult to open a street through their own land in the middle of the block in front of the levee into Chartres Street, on the sole condition that all houses built thereon be of brick with flat roofs, and that on the extreme end of each house, two doors shall be built with a balcony over each door, in order that the symmetry of the city will not be disregarded.

5/29/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Governor informs the Cabildo that he thought it would be beneficial to publish an Edict offering a reward of 500 Pesos to anyone finding the person who, on different occasions, had tried to burn this city.

7/17/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this meeting an official letter from the Governor, informed the Cabildo that His Majesty had learned “with great sorrow” of the fire of December 8th, 1794, and will order, as soon as possible, the necessary help.

8/23/1795 Acting Governor: Vidal; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The Acting Governor makes known to the Cabildo that El Baron de Carondelet had requested the King to assign the 4,925 Pesos (excess proceeds from the rental of small houses established by the Count de Galvez for the support of twelve orphan girls in the Ursuline Convent) to apply toward the establishment of a public granary for the storage of rice, and that this amount had been taken from the Royal Treasury by the deceased Governor Gayoso de Lemos. He informed the Cabildo that now having this information they may take whatever measures they find proper. (Copy of a Royal Order granting this assignment is found on page 55. See also page 58 indicating efforts made by the Commissioners to collect this amount.)

11/6/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - Reference is made at this time to Bayou St. John in connection with the erection of a draw bridge to permit schooners to reach the city through the Canal. (See “Canals”). (Pedro Guiot, alias Lafeunesse, was employed to build this bridge under the supervision of Commissioner Forstall. See Cabildo Book 4, Volume I, page 71).

11/6/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this meeting the Governor called attention to the fact that at a previous session it was not mentioned that the Cabildo Building should extend to the Corner of the Plaza to include the 41 by 60 feet of ground belonging to the Crown assigned to the troops of His Majesty - the extreme end of the 41 feet to be used by the Officers and Soldiers of the Guards; - the upper floors for use of this Cabildo forever. The Commissioners approved of the above suggestion and proposed that two thousand Pesos be dedicated to the new building from the Royal Treasury, to which the Intendant agreed for the reason that it would have been necessary to construct a building, in any event, at the Royal expense, for His Majesty's Guards. The Commissioners agreed that the building be erected as stated, and stipulated that the lower floors of the mentioned 41 by 60 feet should always be for use of the Guards.

12/4/1795 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - It was decided that the hangman could not continue living in his present abode as it is the place where Almonaster has started to build the Capitol Houses. (Later it was found inconvenient to house the executioner within the jail due to the complaints that he introduced alcoholic beverages to the prisoners. (See Cabildo 4, Volune II, page 83.)

3/11/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Commissioners, aware that a large quantity of rice grown in this Province has been exported profitably thus creating a new line of commerce, are afraid that a shortage might result if this trade is permitted uninterrupted. They asked the Governor to prevent exportation until the next crop is harvested.

3/11/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The four years having expired. (See “Dance Halls”), Filberto Forge (Farge) petitioned the Cabildo to take over the building and pay him the appraised value. The Commissioners decided to put the buildings up for auction or for rental - the proceeds to go to Jorge (Farge) until he is paid the appraised value of the building after arranging a rental which he should pay for the ground. (A short time after this, a place was needed for the storage of rice (page 102) and it was decided to rent a place in one of the houses belonging to Filberto Jorge (Farge) built on land belonging to the city, and to arrange with Jorge (Farge) to take charge of the rice which is to be stored, the city to take a mortgage on the building as security on the rice.

4/1/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time a place was needed for the storage of rice; (see "Rice"). It was decided to make an arrangement with Filberto Jorge (Fargo) whereby he would provide space in this building to store the rice, receive and distribute the same and remit the proceeds of sales to the City Treasurer; the city to take a mortgage on the building as security for the money he will handle and for the rice in his charge.

4/1/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Commissioners agreed that five hundred barrels of rice be stored at the expense of the City Treasury, and for this purpose rented from Filberto Forge (Farge) space in a house which he had built on ground belonging to the city (see “Dance Halls.) - It was also agreed (page 107) that this room for the storage of rice should be lined with tin to keep out the rats, and to pay to Filberto Forge (Farge) a salary for distributing the rice to the public. (See also pages 166, 188, and 211 of Cabildo Book 4, Volune I, concerning the distribution of rice from this warehouse.)

4/22/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - Due to the shortage of flour the Commissioners resolved to ask the Governor to prohibit the exportation of corn, and to authorize the bakers, and others who have flour, to report the amounts they have. - (On receipt of this report it was found there were only 581 barrels, including the 480 in the Royal Warehouse. The Governor chartered a ship from McDonough to sail for Vera Cruz to obtain supplies, and included six hundred barrels of flour in the cargo. Page 109)

4/22/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Commissioners discuss the wages to be paid Filberto Jorge (Fargo) for distributing the rice, and resolved that the space to be used for rice must be lined with tin to keep out the rats. At this same time Filberto Jorge (Fargo) verbally proposed that he would take charge of the building for a period of five years and pay a rental of twenty Pesos per month, provided he is allowed the privilege of giving public dances for white people during the same five years. (This proposition was accepted - see "Rice.")

4/22/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - On this day the Governor chartered a ship to sail for Vera Cruz for supplies in which he included an order of 600 barrels of flour. He also asked that the ships of Don Daniel Clark and Juan Capio be prevented from sailing with 600 barrels of corn, due to the shortage of food in the colony.

4/22/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Commissioners decide that the room which is to be rented for the storage of rice must be lined with tin to keep out the rats. This work was ordered done, the expense, together with the rental and the wages to be paid to Filberto Farge for receiving and distributing the rice, to be added to the cost of the rice. Filberto Farge proposes to the Cabildo that he will rent the houses for a period of five years, with the privilege of giving public dances for white people during that time; after which the building will revert to the City Treasury. The Commissioners agreed to this proposition.

4/26/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Commissioners agreed to ask the Governor to command that the bakers use rice with flour in making the bread, and two Commissioners were appointed to arrange with two bakers to make a test. (On page 111, the Commissioners report the bakers are unable to make a loaf of bread using half rice and half flour. They finally compromised on two-thirds flour and one-third rice, at a price of fifteen ounces for a half reale).

5/24/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Commissioners met in extraordinary session to decide on the best means of obtaining a quantity of flour which has come in from northern ports, and which the merchants are not buying for their personal speculation. The Governor advised that he had ordered the flour held, and he thought it should be bought for the account of His Majesty and distributed among the bakers. The Commissioners resolved to make the purchases as indicated, and store the flour in the Royal Warehouse. (See also page 120).

5/24/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Cabildo met in extraordinary session to deliberate on the possibility of obtaining a quantity of flour which came in from Northern Ports, and which the merchants are not buying for their personal speculation. The Governor advised that he had ordered the flour held and had advised the Intendant that he thought it should be bought for the account of His Majesty to be distributed later to the bakeries. It was resolved that the Cabildo make the purchase through a loan from the Royal Treasury, and the flour deposited in the Royal Warehouses.

6/3/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Governor informs the Cabildo that the Intendant had offered a quantity of flour which is now in the Royal Warehouses in order that the community may have some bread not mixed with rice. (See “Bakeries.”)

7/29/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Attorney makes further recommendations in regard to building with brick, with some concessions to persons of small means. In the Second Ward frame buildings are prohibited. In the other three Wards, only roofs of tile or other fireproof material will be permitted.

8/26/1796 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - A lamp is ordered to be placed in the Plaza immediately in front of the Cathedral.

1/20/1797 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time it was decided to permit the bakers to have the flour which is in storage at 10 Pesos per barrel, as it was anticipated that the flour would soon be coming down the river from Ohio.

7/14/1797 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Governor presents a letter from His Majesty granting permission to build a warehouse for the storage of rice, and alloting for this purpose excess proceeds, in the amount of 4,925 Pesos, from the rentals of seventeen small houses built by El Conde de Galves. (See “Orphans.”)

7/14/1797 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Governor presents a letter from His Majesty granting permission to build a warehouse for the storage of rice - alloting for this purpose 4.925 Pesos excess proceeds from the rental of seventeen small houses built by El Conde de Galvez. (See “Orphans.”)

7/21/1797 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Attorney General informs the Cabildo in writing that all nations are convinced that it is obnoxious to bury the dead in the churches and temples, and he sees with disfavor the return of the harmful custom of burying in the Holy Cathedral. He also states that the grounds of the old cemetery are being opened to make burials. He asked the Cabildo to prohibit burials in the old cemetery and in the church. The Commissioners unanimously agreed. (See “Health Rules, Sanitation”).

9/30/1797 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At this time the Attorney General, having asked the Royal Ensign to leave the chambers, read a report in which the inhabitants complained about the destruction of the brick wall around the old cemetery, in which they stated that they had contributed according to their means to the construction of this wall - some with brick, others with lime and the very poor with their free labor. Now this wall has been disposed of, leaving the sacred place open. He asked that the wall be replaced at the expense of the person who ordered it removed. The Commissioners considering that the brick had been used in the construction of the Cathedral which the Royal Ensign had built at his own expense, agreed not to demand payment as the Attorney General requested, but ordered the cemetery fenced with pickets.

9/30/1797 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - Mention is made at this meeting of the bricks from the old cemetery having been used in the construction of the Cathedral. (See "Cemeteries.”)

9/30/1797 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Attorney General presents a memorandum in behalf of the people stating that it is the duty of the Commissioners to visit the market and butcher shops for the purpose of suppressing various abuses. He recommended that the monthly Commissioner call at the market each day and remain there from the time it is opened until closed. Don Juan de Castanedo stated that the room assigned to the use of the monthly Commissioner at the market is not satisfactory. The Commissioners appointed Don Francisco Riano to begin tomorrow to visit the market and report at the next meeting. At the next meting (page 64), he reported the need of various weights and scales.

10/20/1797 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Commissioners considered at this time how useful it would be to establish a fish market to protect both the fish and the fisherman from the weather, also to provide a clean place for the sale of fish. As this matter had been previously discussed, a plan with the estimated cost was presented. The Commissioners decided that each one take the matter, individually under consideration and report at the next meeting.

10/27/1797 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - In a letter to the Cabildo, protesting the building of the Fish Market, the Royal Ensign mentions the bad condition of the cemetery which should have their attention instead of a Fish Market. The Commissioners resolved to cooperate with the Pastor, Father Friar Antonio Sedella, to have the casks removed from the old cemetery and transferred to the new one.

10/27/1797 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - At the next meeting, the Royal Ensign (Almonaster) presented a letter to the Cabildo in which he states that the Fish Market Building is costly and unnecessary. He mentions the indebtedness of the City Treasury to the Royal Treasury in the amount of eight thousand Pesos (See “Levees.”), and many public obligations that need attention. The Commissioners resolved to leave the Fish Market pending.

11/3/1797 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - Don Fernando Alzar offers to build the fish market according to the plan submitted to this Cabildo, with the understanding that he be permitted to collect all the revenues for a period of two years, paid by the retailers of fish, game, pork, lamb, meat, etc. This proposition was forwarded to the Attorney General for an opinion. (See pages 86 and 87 for the Attorney General’s opinion, and Alzar’s reply.)

11/10/1797 Governor: Carondelet; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Secretary read a communication from Monsieur Fontaire Haburtore notifying the Council that he has obtained permission from the Governor to publish a Gazeta (Newspaper), and that he is enclosing a copy for each member of the Cabildo.

4/16/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Almonaster - The Cabildo is again called into extraordinary session by the Governor to provide means for establishing a lasting street lighting service, as the residents refuse to pay the tax on chimneys. It was suggested that they tax the butchers and the bakers on the meat and bread sold. At the next session (page 124), a letter from the Lieutenant Governor and Judge Advocate of War, Vidal, recommended that they accept the voluntary tax offered by the butchers and bakers. The Royal Ensign protested this tax until approved by the King, and the Attorney General supported him. A majority of the Commissioners, however, voted in favor of the tax, which was approved by the Governor.

4/27/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: Vacant - At this meeting the Governor states his opinion that the inhabitants of this city be notified through the Ward Commissioners that the tax on chimneys has been discontinued; the Ward Commissioners to collect the amounts due up to the end of March ultimo. - The City Treasurer suggested a proper document to show the amounts to be paid by the bakers.

5/11/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: vacant. - At this time the Governor states that he considers the cleaning of the streets essential to the health of the city, and that it is necessary to establish a street cleaning service. He recommends that one wagon be purchased to carry the garbage daily to some proper place; that the cost of the wagon, horses, feed of the animals and the wages of one Negro be provided out of the city funds, the supervision to be under Sergeant Perez, who has charge of the street repairs. In the meantime the cart drivers are to pick up all garbage found in the streets.

7/6/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: vacant - The wagon having been completed at this time, the Commissioners decided to let a contract to pick up the garbage for a period of one year.

7/27/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The City Treasurer presents a report concerning the bear fat and pelican grease which he bought for the Lighting Department. The Commissioners agreed that he purchase all he can find, paying for it out of the lighting funds.

8/17/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The Commissioners, considering that it is useful to pave with stones those places of the street where many holes are found, agreed to buy all ballast brought by the boats, and to start paving in those places where it is most needed.

8/31/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - Don Gilberto Guillemard, appointed to draw a plan of four declivities near the edge of the river to carry the filth into the river, presented a detailed estimate of the cost. (See “Levees.”)

7/6/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: vacant - The wagon having been completed at this time, the Commissioners decided to let a contract to pick up the garbage for a period of one year.

8/31/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - Don Gilberto Guillemard was appointed to draw the plans for the building of four declivities near the edge of the river so that filth might be carried into the river; these plans to be in connection with repairs to the levee from a point in front of the Government Building to the house of Francisco Duplessis. Guillemard presented the plans at this time, and the Commissioners agreed to have the contract auctioned to the lowest bidder.

10/13/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the two Commissioners elected to supervise the repairing of the levee and building of the declivities report that the levee repairs should extend 13-1/2 Teusas toward the Gate of St. Louis and 17-1/2 Teusas toward the meat market so that a shed can be built for use of the fishermen, hunters and butchers when selling their goods. They also suggested that as ships are now paying anchorage duties, piles of a proper width should be placed along the levee so that ships may be tied. The Commissioners approved these suggestions and ordered same carried out.

10/13/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - Don Francisco de Riano and Don Luis Darby Danycan, Commissioners appointed to supervise the repairing of the levees, recommend that the repairing extend from the Gate of St. Louis toward the meat market so that a shed could be build for the use of the fisherman, hunters and butchers, so that the city might benefit from taxes paid by these retailers. The Commissioners approved, and ordered that the work be done.

10/19/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - A Royal Decree is received in which His Majesty approves the Lighting Department and Night Police of this city, and orders that this service be taken care of by the chimney tax, and the distribution of three hundred tuesas of government or city land to be leased to the best bidders as truck farms, for the benefit of the Lighting Department. The Commissioners, having already submitted the other means of income to His Majesty, resolved to await further approval.

11/23/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Commissioners discussed the construction of a Fish Market. They resolved to approve the plan already presented, that the roof be constructed of tile and that specifications be published every three days asking for bids.

12/15/1798 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time a document is presented by Don Bartholeme Lafond stating that he has obtained the bond required in connection with the construction of the Fish Market, which contract was granted to him for the sum of 2773 Pesos, with the understanding that one-third of this amount be advanced to him.

1/30/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Commissioners discussed ways and means of collecting the established tax for the upkeep of the lighting department, stating they believed the method in actual use the proper one; although the bakers complained, they voluntarily imposed the tax upon themselves. They ordered the merchants to furnish a report showing the amount of flour sold each week, giving the name of each buyer. The buyer to furnish a similar report to the Commissioner.

2/15/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Commissioners discussed the lack of proper sewerage and the amount of stagnant water in the streets due to the fact that after the fire each individual made his own ditch and sidewalk without attention to the proper level. (See "Streets, Gutters and Bridges.")

2/15/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Governor and President informed the Council that in a meeting held by the merchants of the city, they unanimously agreed to furnish a report of the quantity of flour sold. Also that the Attorney General has submitted rules concerning the collection of taxes on the flour consumed. (Pages 13, 14, 15, and 16)

2/15/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Commissioners discussed the need of proper sewerage in the city due to the fact that after the fire (1794) each individual had constructed his sidewalk and ditch without attention to the proper level. Don Gilberto Guillemard and Don Finiel were authorized to grade the ditches of all the streets.Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Commissioners discussed the need of proper sewerage in the city due to the fact that after the fire (1794) each individual had constructed his sidewalk and ditch without attention to the proper level. Don Gilberto Guillemard and Don Finiel were authorized to grade the ditches of all the streets.

3/29/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The Governor and President of the Cabildo suggested that three more wagons be added to the streets cleaning service during the summer months. The Commissioners resolved to have the contract for the street cleaning let out on bids, and that this service be paid for out of the city funds.

3/29/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - It was agreed at this meeting that the pillars of the Fish Market be built with 12 inch stakes instead of 8 inch stakes.

4/5/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time permits were ordered printed to be given individuals buying flour for their own use - as such flour will not be charged with the tax.

4/19/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The City Treasurer submits reports on the amount of flour consumed during the months January, February, and March.

4/19/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this meeting a representation made by Don Josef Solis and sent to the Cabildo by the Governor, was read; in which he asked the Commissioners to testify to his hardships and steady work in cultivating sugar cane, the small profits obtained by him, and the great benefits accruing to this Province from his labors. The Commissioners found his statements true and just and resolved to ask a grace from His Majesty, in accordance with his petition.

5/31/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - Don Bartholome Lafond requests an additional one-third payment on the Fish Market, which he states is now one-half finished.

6/14/1799 Governor: Gayoso; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The Cabildo orders the Annual Commissioners to provide tables and other necessary fixtures to be placed in the Fish Market for use in the sale of calves, pigs, sheep, fish and the retailing of other products; also to have the building covered with tar and red lead to preserve the lumber. To make rules and regulations governing the collection of taxes which must be paid by the retailers.

8/3/1799 Governor: Vidal, Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time the Acting Governor and President of the Cabildo called attention to a Royal Order dated December 5th, 1796, (which also had not been forwarded to the Cabildo) concerning the sum of 4,925 Pesos assigned to the granary for rice; (See "RICE") which sum was the excess proceeds of rentals on the small houses for the charitable fund established by Galvez to support twelve orphan girls in the Ursuline Convent. The Governor having learned that this sum was obtained from the Royal Treasury by the deceased Governor (Gayoso) believed the Commissioners should take the necessary steps to recover same. The Commissioners, considering these various Royal Orders which had not been brought to their attention by the previous governors, resolved to request the President to forward all Royal Orders concerning this Cabildo to them.

8/3/1799 Acting Governor: Vidal; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - At this time Don Jayme Jorda reports that the tile dealer would not deliver to Contractor Lafond the necessary tile for the roof of the Fish Market, unless he paid cash. The Contractor not having the cash, the Commissioners instructed Don Jayme to obtain the tile, drawing on the City Treasury for the amount, to be deducted from amount due Lafond.

8/3/1799 Calls the attention of the Cabildo to a Royal Order concerning a fund for the establishment of a Granary (see "RICE") which Royal Order had also been overlooked by two preceding governors.

9/13/1799 Acting Governor: Vidal; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - The City Treasurer calls attention to the fact that the bakers and merchants are not complying with the rules providing for a tax on flour. At the next meting, (page 72) the Commissioners resolved to warn the merchants that they must comply with the rules.

9/20/1799 Acting Governor: Vidal; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - A bill is presented by Urbane Gaingier for construction of 16 tables for the sale of meat, and 7 tables for the sale of fish, also a large sun shade for the fish section.

11/29/1799 Acting Governor: Vidal; Royal Ensign: De La Ronde - A bill is presented by Arnaldo Magnon for painting the Fish Market with tar and red lead.

1779 Spanish (first government controlled market) owned market was constructed for the sale of provisions at what is now the French Market.

Around 1782 -- Spanish erected the city's first market building on the corner of Chartres and Dumaine Streets -- the first covered market—a meat market.

1790 Spanish relocated market to what is now Decatur Street between St. Ann and Dumaine.